Malaria can increase the risk for serious pregnancy problems, including prematurity, miscarriage, and stillbirth. If travel to a malarious area cannot be postponed, use of an effective chemoprophylaxis regimen is essential.
However, no preventive drugs are completely effective. Please consider these risks and other health risks as well and discuss them with your health-care provider.
Because there is no evidence that chloroquine and mefloquine are associated with congenital defects when used for preventing malaria prophylaxis , CDC does not recommend that women planning pregnancy need to wait a specific period of time after their use before becoming pregnant.
However, if women or their health-care providers wish to decrease the amount of antimalarial drug in the body before conception, the below table provides information on the half-lives of selected antimalarial drugs.
There are limited data available about the safety of antimalarial drugs while breastfeeding. However, the amount of antimalarial drug transferred from the nursing mother to her infant is not thought to be harmful to the infant. Very small amounts of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and mefloquine are excreted in the breast milk of women who are breastfeeding.
Although there is limited information about the use of doxycycline in breastfeeding women, most experts consider it unlikely to cause any harm.
No information is available on the amount of primaquine or tafenoquine that enters human breast milk. The mother and infant should be tested for G6PD deficiency before primaquine is given to a woman who is breastfeeding.
Because there is no information on the use of tafenoquine in infants, tafenoquine is not recommended during breastfeeding. It is not known whether atovaquone, which is a component of the antimalarial drug Malarone, is excreted in human milk. Proguanil, the other component of Malarone, is excreted in human milk in small quantities. Based on experience with other antimalarial drugs, the quantity of drug transferred in breast milk is not likely to be enough to provide protection against malaria for the infant.
You and your family can most effectively prevent malaria by taking all three of these important measures:. Any traveler who becomes ill with a fever or flu-like illness while traveling, and up to 1 year after returning home, should immediately seek professional medical care.
You should tell your health-care provider that you have been traveling in an area where malaria transmission occurs and ask to be tested for malaria infection. It depends on what areas of that country you visited, how long ago you were there, and whether you ever had malaria.
In general, most travelers to an area with malaria are deferred from donating blood for 1 year after their return. People who used to live in countries where malaria transmission occurs cannot donate blood for 3 years. People diagnosed with malaria cannot donate blood for 3 years after treatment, during which time they must have remained free of symptoms of malaria.
Blood banks follow strict guidelines for accepting or deferring donors who have been in malaria-endemic areas. They do this to avoid collecting blood for transfusions from an infected donor. In the United States during the period , there were 97 cases reported to CDC where people acquired malaria through a transfusion.
Because of these control measures, transfusion-transmitted malaria is very rare in the United States and occurs at a rate of less than 1 per million units of blood transfused. The disease should be treated early in its course, before it becomes serious and life-threatening.
Several good antimalarial drugs are available, and should be taken early on. The most important step is to go see a doctor if you are sick and are presently in, or have recently been in, an area with malaria, so that the disease is diagnosed and treated right away.
Malaria can be cured with prescription drugs. The type of drugs and length of treatment depend on the type of malaria, where the person was infected, their age, whether they are pregnant, and how sick they are at the start of treatment.
Very rarely. Travelers who are taking effective malaria preventive drugs but who will be traveling for an extended period of time or who will be at higher risk of developing a malaria infection may decide, in consultation with their health-care provider, to take along malaria treatment medication referred to as a reliable supply in case they develop malaria while traveling.
If the traveler develops symptoms of malaria, they should immediately seek medical attention so that they can be examined and diagnosed appropriately. If they are diagnosed with malaria, they will then already have with them a reliable supply of an effective malaria treatment medicine to take. Malaria self-treatment should begin right away if fever, chills, or other influenza-like illness symptoms occur and if professional medical care is not available within 24 hours.
Self-treatment of a possible malarial infection is only a temporary measure and immediate medical care is important.
No, not necessarily. Malaria can be treated. If the right drugs are used, people who have malaria can be cured and all the malaria parasites can be cleared from their body. However, the disease can continue if it is not treated or if it is treated with the wrong drug. Some drugs are not effective because the parasite is resistant to them. Some people with malaria may be treated with the right drug, but at the wrong dose or for too short a period of time. Two types species of parasites, Plasmodium vivax and P.
People diagnosed with P. Another type of malaria, P. However, in general, if you are correctly treated for malaria, the parasites are eliminated and you are no longer infected with malaria. Malaria typically is found in warmer regions of the world — in tropical and subtropical countries. Cycles of chills, fever, and sweating occurring every one, two, or three days is a good indicator of malaria in a person recently returning from a tropical area.
The time between the infectious mosquito bite and the development of malaria symptoms typically ranges from 10 days to 4 weeks depending on the type of Plasmodia involved, although a person may feel ill as early as 7 days or as late as 1 year later.
One species of Plasmodium , called P. When infection occurs by blood transfusion, the time from bite to symptoms depends on the number of parasites transferred but is usually less than 2 months.
With certain malaria species, dormant forms forms that stay in the body but are inactive can cause illness months to years later. Symptoms, travel history, and a physical exam can cause a health care provider to suspect malaria. Laboratory tests, which show if a malaria parasite is present or not, will confirm a diagnosis. Treatment for malaria depends on the specific parasite of infection; geographic area where the infection came from; whether or not the infection is drug resistant; and health, pregnancy status, and drug allergy status of the person with the infection.
Most drugs that are used to treat malaria work against the parasite in the blood. People with repeated attacks of malaria may develop a partially protective immunity. Such people can still be infected by malaria parasites but may not develop severe disease, and frequently lack any typical malaria symptoms.
Since malaria is not native to the United States, exposure of American citizens occurs most often during foreign travel to areas where malaria is common. It is very important to contact health officials to determine the proper preventive drug therapy to take before traveling.
The liberal and frequent use of mosquito repellents as well as using a bed net can be very effective in preventing mosquito bites.
More information on repellents can be found at Environmental Protection Agency- insect-repellents. This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone.
Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject. Strabismus is an eye disorder. It affects the muscle control in your eyes. Tuberous sclerosis is a rare disease that causes tumors, or growths, in the brain and other organs. They are…. Visit The Symptom Checker.
Read More. Fever in Infants and Children. Vomiting and Diarrhea. Home Diseases and Conditions Malaria. Table of Contents. What is malaria? Symptoms of malaria. What causes malaria? How is malaria diagnosed? Can malaria be prevented or avoided? Sleep in a room with screens on the windows and doors. Use a mosquito net over your bed. Spray the net with permethrin, a spray that repels mosquitoes. Wear light-colored pants and shirts with long sleeves. Avoid going outdoors without protection in the evening, when mosquitoes are typically more active.
What medicines can I take to prevent malaria? Malaria treatment. What kind of medicine you take and how long you take it depend on several factors, including: The type of malaria you have. Where you were infected. Your age. How sick you are when you start treatment. The disease can become serious quickly. Treatment should start as early as possible. Living with malaria.
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