Known as the Malayan Emergency, the uprising is eventually suppressed by British and Commonwealth forces. Before he is arrested on charges of sodomy and corruption, Anwar mobilises thousands of people to rally against the government.
A year earlier, he was sentenced to six years in prison for corruption. Anwar is freed after court overturns the sodomy verdict but the corruption conviction continues to stand, meaning he is banned from politics for five years. Shortly after the vote, Anwar is hit with new sodomy charges.
Several churches are attacked. Published On 1 May Colonial rule Portugal makes first European colonial claim on Malaysia, capturing Malacca.
Johore alone resisted, by modernising and giving British and Chinese investors legal protection. In the Siamese kingdom was compelled to cede Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu, which already had British advisors, over to the British. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor and Queen Victoria were personal acquaintances, and recognised each other as equals. The states under the most direct British control developed rapidly, becoming the largest suppliers in the world of first tin, then rubber. Using divide and rule tactics, the British encouraged rivalries between Malaysia's different ethnic groups and between the sultans.
In the early days of the British presence the sultans still held a lot of power. As time went on this power was reduced and Britain took firm control of the mainland. The British were not too repressive Although the British actually controlled the administration fully, they managed to give the impression that locals had status and authority. Lasting British influence includes a parliamentary democracy with a largely ceremonial monarch.
The British were extremely clever at this form of semi-colonial rule: they would call things by one name, but in reality do quite another thing. What we did get from them was a well-organized administration and a fairly well-developed infrastructure. What we also got, however, was a psychological burden, was the belief that only Europeans could govern our country effectively Most Asians felt inferior to European colonizers.
John H. The driving force came from the Industrial Revolution in the West which saw the innovation of large scale factory production of manufactured goods made possible by technological advances, accompanied by more efficient communications e. Industrializing countries required ever-larger supplies of raw materials as well as foodstuffs for their growing populations. Regions such as Malaysia with ample supplies of virgin land and relative proximity to trade routes were well placed to respond to this demand.
What was lacking was an adequate supply of capital and wage labor. In both aspects, the deficiency was supplied largely from foreign sources.
As expanding British power brought stability to the region, Chinese migrants started to arrive in large numbers with Singapore quickly becoming the major point of entry. Most arrived with few funds but those able to amass profits from trade including opium used these to finance ventures in agriculture and mining, especially in the neighboring Malay Peninsula.
Crops such as pepper, gambier, tapioca, sugar and coffee were produced for export to markets in Asia e. China , and later to the West after when Britain moved toward a policy of free trade. These crops were labor, not capital, intensive and in some cases quickly exhausted soil fertility and required periodic movement to virgin land Jackson, International demand for tin rose progressively in the nineteenth century due to the discovery of a more efficient method for producing tinplate for canned food.
At the same time deposits in major suppliers such as Cornwall England had been largely worked out, thus opening an opportunity for new producers.
Traditionally tin had been mined by Malays from ore deposits close to the surface. Difficulties with flooding limited the depth of mining; furthermore their activity was seasonal.
From the s the discovery of large deposits in the Peninsula states of Perak and Selangor attracted large numbers of Chinese migrants who dominated the industry in the nineteenth century bringing new technology which improved ore recovery and water control, facilitating mining to greater depths. Singapore was a major center for smelting refining the ore into ingots. Tin mining also attracted attention from European, mainly British, investors who again introduced new technology — such as high-pressure hoses to wash out the ore, the steam pump and, from , the bucket dredge floating in its own pond, which could operate to even deeper levels.
These innovations required substantial capital for which the chosen vehicle was the public joint stock company, usually registered in Britain. Since no major new ore deposits were found, the emphasis was on increased efficiency in production. European operators, again employing mostly Chinese wage labor, enjoyed a technical advantage here and by accounted for 61 percent of Malayan output Wong Lin Ken, ; Yip Yat Hoong, Rubber plantation agriculture was introduced to Southeast Asia in the 19th century.
It revolutionized parts of the economy there. Today, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand produce three quarters of the world's rubber as well as three quarters of the world's palm oil and large percentage of the coffee and cocoa crops. Rubber trees were identified and studied in the Amazon by Sir Henry Wickham, who shipped 70, seedling to Kew Garden in Seedlings were sent from there to Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
In the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh discovered that rubber dissolved in the coal-tar and the mixture could be applied to cloth. He invented the raincoat. In , Charles Goodyear, an American hardware merchant, patented the vulcanization process, in which sulfur is added to rubber so that it doesn't melt in heat and go brittle in cold. Goodyear discovered the process after eight years of trying to make a useful rubber when he accidently dropped a mixture of India rubber and sulfur onto a hot stove.
The rubber melted and bonded with the sulfur, producing vulcanized rubber. The air-inflated pneumatic rubber tires was invented by Scotsman J. Dunlop in After that the rubber industry really took off.
By , three million acres of land was devoted to rubber in the Asia. Latex could be grown much more efficiently and profitably on plantations in Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries than in Brazil.
Asian latex was much quality than wild latex form Brazil, which was filled with impurities. The British made a fortune with massive rubber plantations in Malaysia. Today, the United States alone imports over a billion dollars worth of the stuff every year. In the early twentieth century it was the agricultural sector which came to the forefront.
The crops mentioned previously had boomed briefly but were hard pressed to survive severe price swings and the pests and diseases that were endemic in tropical agriculture. The cultivation of rubber-yielding trees became commercially attractive as a raw material for new industries in the West, notably for tires for the booming automobile industry especially in the U.
Previously rubber had come from scattered trees growing wild in the jungles of South America with production only expandable at rising marginal costs. Cultivation on estates generated economies of scale. In the s the British government organized the transport of specimens of the tree Hevea Brasiliensis from Brazil to colonies in the East, notably Ceylon and Singapore.
There the trees flourished and after initial hesitancy over the five years needed for the trees to reach productive age, planters Chinese and European rushed to invest.
The boom reached vast proportions as the rubber price reached record heights in Average values fell thereafter but investors were heavily committed and planting continued also in the neighboring Netherlands Indies [Indonesia]. By the rubber acreage in Malaysia mostly in the Peninsula had reached hectares about 1.
A distinctive feature of the industry was that the technology of extracting the rubber latex from the trees called tapping by an incision with a special knife, and its manufacture into various grades of sheet known as raw or plantation rubber, was easily adopted by a wide range of producers. The larger estates, mainly British-owned, were financed as in the case of tin mining through British-registered public joint stock companies.
For example, between and some companies were registered to operate in Malaya. Chinese planters for the most part preferred to form private partnerships to operate estates which were on average smaller. These smallholders did not need much capital since their equipment was rudimentary and labor came either from within their family or in the form of share-tappers who received a proportion say 50 percent of the output. In Malaya in roughly 60 percent of the planted area was estates 75 percent European-owned and 40 percent smallholdings Drabble, , 1.
British estates depended mainly on migrants from India, brought in under government auspices with fares paid and accommodation provided. Chinese business looked to the "coolie trade" from South China, with expenses advanced that migrants had subsequently to pay off.
The flow of immigration was directly related to economic conditions in Malaysia. For example arrivals of Indians averaged 61 a year between and Substantial numbers also came from the Netherlands Indies.
Sarawak and British North Borneo had a similar range of mining and agricultural industries in the 19th century. However, their geographical location slightly away from the main trade route and the rugged internal terrain costly for transport made them less attractive to foreign investment. However, the discovery of oil by a subsidiary of Royal Dutch-Shell starting production from put Sarawak more prominently in the business of exports.
As in Malaya, the labor force came largely from immigrants from China and to a lesser extent Java. The growth in production for export in Malaysia was facilitated by development of an infrastructure of roads, railways, ports e. And the Europeans of course, lived in there own quarters. They were very exclusive with their own clubs and private golf course and did not mix with the local population.
At official diners in the s and 30s, waiters wore headdresses and guest were entertained by Filipino bands on the veranda. In many cases British men arrived without their wives. In some cases Japanese brothels were set up to accommodate them.
Most of the girls were sex slaves sold by their families and bonded to their brothels where they worked. People like us farmers could not afford Japanese prostitutes. White men got the prettiest ones, followed by the Chinese coolies from the plantations, because they had money and were bachelors. In the intense Asian summers, the English gentry and their servants fled the cities for the hill stations in the cooler mountains.
Most were built between and Malacca was first occupied by the British from to , and was formally ceded by the Dutch in ; meanwhile Singapore was acquired in Penang, Malacca, and Singapore were united in as the Straits Settlements, which came under British India until , when they became a crown colony.
The governors of the Straits Settlements are listed below. During the Second World War the Straits Settlements, along with Britain's other territories in south-east Asia, were overrun by the Japanese, who were in occupation of Malacca and Penang from December and Singapore from February Sarawak was granted in by the sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, who became the first 'white raja' of Sarawak, in return for his help in putting down a rebellion.
Sarawak was then gradually enlarged, through further gifts from the sultan of Brunei, and through purchase from the British North Borneo Company. Listed below are the rajas and the governors of Sarawak. In Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malaysia Labuan, a small island off Borneo, was ceded to Britain by the sultan of Brunei in , with James Brooke acting as first lieutenant-governor from ; it became a crown colony in , but was entrusted to the British North Borneo Company in and then to the governor of the Straits Settlements in The lieutenant-governors and governors of Labuan are listed below.
North Borneo was ceded by the sultan of Brunei to a British syndicate led by Alfred Dent in ; from it was administered by the British North Borneo Company, becoming a full protectorate in Brunei itself became a British protected state in and a full protectorate in In North Borneo, now incorporating Labuan, became a British crown colony. The governors of British North Borneo are listed below.
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