However, in cases involving infants, young children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems, call your doctor if the illness lasts more than a few days, is associated with high fever or bloody stools, or appears to be causing dehydration. If you make an appointment with your doctor, it's a good idea to prepare for it.
Here's some information to help you. Preparing a list of questions for your doctor will help you make the most of your time together. For salmonella infection, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:.
To prevent dehydration, drink water or suck on ice chips. To prevent dehydration in children, use an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, unless your doctor advises otherwise. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Diagnosis Salmonella infection can be detected by testing a sample of your stool.
Antibiotics are typically used only to treat people with severe illness. Patients should drink extra fluids as long as diarrhea lasts. In some cases, diarrhea may be so severe that the person needs to be hospitalized. In rare cases, infection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream, and then to other parts of the body. In these people, Salmonella can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics.
Sign up for RSS Feed. However, clinical medication may require extended treatment of cephalosporins by means of combination medication with other action route antibiotic, in order to achieve complete pathogen removal, including original bacteria and their bacterial L forms 20 , Salmonella typhimurium has multi-drug resistance and can naturally resist a variety of antibacterial drugs.
The main mechanisms of drug resistance are decreased permeability of the outer membrane, changes in lactamase and penicillin-binding proteins, activation and production of efflux pumps. In recent years, with the increasing number of clinically applied antibacterial drugs, broad-spectrum resistant Salmonella typhimurium bacteria have become more and more widespread 22 , 23 , Besides the influence of plasmids, the development of drug resistance depends on the type of chromosomal gene and the gene of the strain.
Mutations and environmental choices are closely related. The data show that Salmonella typhimurium L forms still have pathogenicity. Salmonella typhimurium L forms have cell wall defects, so that they are more resistant to cephalosporins acting on cell walls than Salmonella typhimurium original bacteria. Cephalosporins alone can induce bacterial L form production, but combined use of antibiotics that act on ribosomes or nucleic acids can prevent the prolongation of disease caused by the production of L-forms.
According to the antibiotic target site of pathogenic bacteria, the action mechanisms of antibiotics are divided into four categories. They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, or affect cytoplasmic membrane permeability, or inhibit protein synthesis eg. Doctors should be careful in choosing antibiotics, which should follow the principle of combination and interaction of antibiotics, in order to control Salmonella typhimurium infection.
The antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium standard strain L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins remains sensitive, but its L forms inhibition zones are smaller than the original bacteria. The combined use of multi-antibiotics is a convenient and effective method to reduce Salmonella typhimurium L forms occurrence in order to avoid the occurrence of bacterial L form infection. Tamang, M. Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence characteristics of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium isolates from healthy and diseased pigs in Korea.
Food Prot. Ranjbar, R. Iran J. Sun, J. PLoS One. Lotha, R. Plant nutraceuticals Quercetrin and Afzelin capped silver nanoparticles exert potent antibiofilm effect against food borne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and curtail planktonic growth in zebrafish infection model.
Microb Pathog. Zhang, Z. Foodborne Pathog Dis. Wong, M. Emergence of clinical Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates with concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Article Google Scholar. Kawai, Y. Wolf, D. Errington, J. L-form bacteria, chronic diseases and the origins of life.
Curr Biol. Song, Q. Microb Drug Resist. Mohamed, T. Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Kentucky isolated from pre- and post-chill whole broilers carcasses.
Food Microbiol. Wang, D. Clin Microbiol Infect. Google Scholar. Markova, N. L-form bacteria cohabitants in human blood: significance for health and diseases. Discov Med. PubMed Google Scholar. Domingues, S. SAba1 and Tn acquisition by natural transformation leads to third-generation cephalosporins resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.
Infect Genet Evol. Open Microbiol J. Campos, M. Co-occurrence of ACSSuT and cephalosporin resistance phenotypes is mediated by int1-associated elements in nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica from human infections in Spain. Iwamoto, M. Folster, J. Anuforom, O. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone alter cytokine responses, but not Toll-like receptors, to Salmonella infection in vitro.
0コメント